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Bala taxation
Bala, Sumerian for "exchange", is the method by which the Ur III dynasty of Mesopotamia collected goods such as livestock, grain, labor and craft products from its provinces. Individuals of all rank were expected to contribute to this system. These taxes were used to fund building projects within the kingdom such as the building of canals which were vital in this area because the agriculture in this area was irrigated by water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.〔Bodley (2011) p.232〕 Those projects were built by Gurush/Geme (Sumerian), men and women workers respectively, paid using goods collected from the tax system.〔Van De Mierroop (2007) p. 78〕 The provinces in the Ur III Empire such as Girsu, Umma and Lagash contributed materials according to the nature of goods they produced, their size and the amount of goods they could produce. For instance Girsu was a rich source of grain and would provide grain to the bala system whereas Umma was a source of other goods such as leather, reed, and wood. The central state also provided protection to the provinces as a means of protecting the resources while in transit as well as the cities from being overrun by raiders.〔Kuhrt, Amelie (1995). ''The Ancient Near East c. 3000-300 BC Volume One''. New York: Routledge p.70-71 ISBN 0-415-01353-4〕
== Effects of the bala system ==
Anthropologists have reconstructed the amount of goods produced annually and the distribution of those goods among the empire. 500 elite level individuals are believed to have controlled 188 million liters of grain annually through the bala taxation system. Those goods were often used to support the temples, royal families, state administrators/elites, and army.〔Bodley (2011), p. 235〕 Specialized individuals who no longer produced their own food also benefitted from this system. These specialized individuals likely would not have developed without the support coming from the government through the bala system.〔Van De Mierroop (2007) p.78〕 It is estimated that 500,000 nonfood-producing individuals relied on the bala system for their sustenance.〔Bodley (2011) p.233〕 This highlights a key aspect of the system that it created dependence of people and city-states upon each other. The type of payment that the specialized individuals received during this period often consisted of wood, oil and grains.
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